CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORK SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATION OF A BUILDING.

The following are phases of a building construction work to be considered in WBS, WORK SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATION.

A. SUBSTRUCTURE
1. Site Clearance
2. Top Soil Excavation
3. Excavation of foundation trench (Strip)
4. Levelling/Compacting Base of Excavation
5. Excavation of column base pit (pad)
6. Concrete Blinding
7. Concrete in foundation
8. Column base: Concrete, Reinforcement, formwork
9. Block work in foundation
10. Backfilling and Disposal
11. Filling of laterite
12. Filling of Hardcore
13. Stone Chippings/River sand
14. DPM in oversite concrete/German floor
15. BRC mesh Reinforcement
16. Concrete in floor

*optional: piping to extract water, anti-termite treatment etc.

PHASE B. FRAMEWORK
1. Columns: Concrete, Steel, formwork
2. Attached Beams: Concrete, Steel, formwork
3. Slabs: Concrete, Steel formwork
4. Shear Walls: Concrete, Steel, formwork
5. Staircase: Concrete, Steel, formwork

C. BLOCKWORK
1. Block in walls
2. Lintel: Concrete, Steel, formwork
3. RoofBeam: Concrete: Steel, formwork

D. ROOFING
1. Concrete fascia: Concrete, Steel, formwork
2. Roof Gutter: Concrete, Steel, formwork
3. *Wall plate (not compulsory)
4. Tie Beam
5. KingPost
6. Rafter
7. Struts
8. Purlins
9. Noggins
10. Roofing sheet
11. Eave angle, Valley piece, Ridge Capping, Fascial Flashing, etc

E. Waterproofing Works in Roof

F. FINISHES
1. Floor Screeding
2. Rendering: slab, staircase, columns
3. Tiles
4. Skirting
5. Wall Plastering
6. Wall tiles
7. Door/Window Jambs
8. POP Screening
9. POP Cornices
10. Windowhood
11. Wall Skirting
12. Crack Tiles
13. Balustrades/Railings

G. DOORS/WINDOWS
1. Door/Window Quantities
2. Burglary
3. Accessories

H. MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS
I. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
J. AC INSTALLATIONS

K. PAINTING
1. Internal walls
2. Externally walls
3. Doors/Windows
4. Door/Window Jambs

Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement

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“Continuously reinforced concrete pavement” as the title suggests a pavement is reinforced throughout in longitudinal direction. This type of pavement has no transverse joints unless and until there is end of pavement or the pavement comes in contact with some other pavement or bridge. A longitudinal joint exists only if the road is wider than 14 feet. Due to reduction of joints smooth and continuous riding is possible resulting in fuel saving. Also CRCP roads are maintenance free if properly constructed and care is taken while placement of steel. Once CRCP roads are constructed they need not to be taken care of for the next 50-60 years. The principal behind this roads is that “Let the road crack”, exactly opposite as in case of other type of roads where we avoid crack formation at any cost. CRCP is allowed to crack due to which stresses in the pavement are released. The cracks formed are held tightly by the reinforcement, due to which widening and deepening of cracks is restricted. Hence we can conclude that in CRCP controlled cracking is permitted. The initial cost of CRCP is high, but as it is maintenance free, and lasts for decades, overall cost of CRCP is less as compared to other type of reinforced concrete pavements. Study and observations have shown that this type of roads are alarmingly successful, hence CRCP is widely used in USA, GERMANY, BRITAN, and several other developed and developing nations. Use of CRCP will enhance the cement, and steel industries; it will reduce the fuel consumption by vehicles, and will save lots of money required for frequent construction and repairs of other type of pavements.

ROAD MAINTENANCE

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Road maintenance is essential in order to (1) preserve the road in its originally constructed condition, (2) protect adjacent resources and user safety, and (3) provide efficient, convenient travel along the route. Unfortunately, maintenance is often neglected or improperly performed resulting in rapid deterioration of the road and eventual failure from both climatic and vehicle use impacts. It follows that it is impossible to build and use a road that requires no maintenance.

In order to plan for road maintenance needs, it is important to keep a complete set of "as built" plans and records of all maintenance operations and observations. The as built plan should contain the following:

1. Complete job index
2. Complete history of project from planning stage to construction
3. Photographic records
4. Exact location and observations of any unstable conditions in relation to the road location
5. Exact location of culverts and other drainage features
6. Wet areas that may have required additional excavation and replacement with more suitable ballast backfield materials
7. All major changes made to the original plan

Probably the most valuable tool for any maintenance program is the knowledge and experience gained by individuals performing the maintenance. Every effort should be made to retain competent, knowledgeable, and experienced individuals in these positions not only from the standpoint of instituting and executing a good maintenance program, but for future road planning needs as well.

In deciding on an appropriate level of maintenance for a particular road or road segment, consideration must be given to the amount and type of vehicle use and physiographic and climatic variables which may impact drainage structures. 
MAINTAINABILITY is a vital aspect in technological growth of a country that must not be neglected.

THANKS BE TO GOD

THERE SHALL BE SHOWERS OF BLESSING: I HAVE ASKED THE ALMIGHTY GOD, FATHER OF ALL CREATION TO RELEASE UPON YOU TODAY SHOWERS OF BLESSING TO WASH AWAY EVERY MOCKERY IN YOUR LIVES, IN THE MIGHTY NAME OF JESUS CHRIST. AMEN

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